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> 1. What is the difference between an independent contractor and an
> independent consultant?
A contractor contracts to do a job. The employer needs work done.
A consultant is consulted to provide advice or expertise.
Typically, the contractor's deliverables are end-products -- working
software, documentation, ... -- while the consultant's are more likely
to be things like plans or specifications.
There are exceptions in both directions. One might use a contractor
for a feasibility study or a product specification, and part of a
consultant's work might be to build the software he or she specifies.
> 2. What is a subcontractor?
You contract someone to build you a house. He hires subcontractors
to handle various specialists tasks: concrete pouring, electrical
wiring, ...